Japanese Cruiser Tsushima

was a of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The vessel was a sister ship to and was named for Tsushima Province, one of the ancient provinces of Japan, and corresponding to the strategic island group between Japan and Korea.

Background

The ''Niitaka''-class cruisers were ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy under its 2nd Emergency Expansion Program, with a budget partly funded by the war indemnity received from the Empire of China as part of the settlement of the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War. The class was intended for high speed reconnaissance missions. ''Tsushima'' was the first ship to be built by the new Kure Naval Arsenal, located at Kure, Hiroshima. Due to lack of experience by the builders, ''Tsushima'' took an extraordinary long time to compete, despite her small size and relatively simple design, with the keel laid down on 1 October 1901 and launching on 15 December 1902. ''Tsushima'' was not completed until 14 February 1904.

Design

In terms of design, ''Tsushima'' was very conservative in layout and similar to, but somewhat larger than the earlier Japanese-designed . The increased displacement, heavier armor and lower center of gravity resulted in a more seaworthy and powerful vessel than ''Suma'', and enabled ''Tsushima'' to outclass many other contemporary protected cruisers.Chesneau, '' Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905'', page 230

In terms of armament, it is noteworthy that ''Tsushima'' was not equipped with torpedoes. Observing problems experienced by the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War with torpedo reliability and the dangers of sympathetic detonation, it was decided not to use this weapon on the new cruisers. The main battery was standardized to the QF 6-inch /40 naval gun found on most contemporary Japanese cruisers.

The ''Niitaka''-class cruisers were fitted with 16 Niclausse boilers, a great improvement on the locomotive boilers of the ''Suma'' class.

Service history

Russo-Japanese War

''Tsushima'' was commissioned during the middle of the Russo-Japanese War, but she was present with the 4th Detachment of the Japanese 2nd Fleet and participated in the shore bombardment of Russian positions during the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 March 1904.Howarth, ''The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun'' From April, she was assigns to patrols of the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan, but was not in position to participate in Battle off Ulsan on 14 August 1904.

On 15 August, ''Tsushima'' and pursued the , which she fought at the Battle of Korsakov.Warner, ''The Tide at Sunrise '', pages 187-190 During the duel, ''Tsushima'' scored 14 hits on ''Novik'', but was holes under her waterline by a shot from ''Novik'' and was forced to stop for repairs. She did, however, assist in the rescue of Russian sailors off ''Novik'' after the battle. At the crucial final Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, ''Tsushima'' was part of the Japanese squadron attacking the Russian cruisers , and as well as the already heavily damaged battleship . ''Tsushima'' took six hits during the engagement, which killed four crewmen and a senior officer. On 28 May 1905, ''Tsushima'' took part in the final combat of the battle against the cruiser .

After the war, ''Tsushima'' was assigned patrol duties off of the China coast.

World War I

At the start of World War I, ''Tsushima'' was initially assigned to patrol of the sea lanes between Borneo and Timor against German commerce raiders as part of Japan's contribution to the Allied war effort under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. However, she was reassigned to the First Southern Expeditionary Squadron based in Fiji from December 1914 to protect British shipping around Australia and New Zealand from German commerce raiders and U-boats. The First Southern Expeditionary Squadron also consisted of the battlecruiser , two destroyers, and later the cruisers , and . Together with the Japanese-American Expeditionary Squadron (which included the cruisers and , and the battleship ''Hizen''), she engaged in the pursuit of the Imperial German Navy Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee's German East Asia Squadron.Tucker, ''Encyclopedia of World War I '', page 610

During the February 1915 Singapore Mutiny by Indian Sepoy troops against the British in Singapore, the Japanese government helped suppress the uprising by sending 158 marines from the cruisers , ''Niitaka'' and ''Tsushima''.

From mid-1915 to 1918, ''Tsushima'' and her sister ship ''Niitaka'' were permanently based at the Cape Town, assisting the Royal Navy in patrolling the sea lanes linking Europe to the east.

Post-war career

After the end of World War I, ''Tsushima'' was part of the Japanese fleet participating in the Japanese intervention in Siberia to help the White Russian forces against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War by covering the landings of Japanese troops in Vladivostok.

On 1 September 1921, ''Tsushima'' was re-designated a 2nd class coastal defense vessel. She was re-armed in 1922 to carry six 15.2 cm and eight 12-pounder guns, but later an extra 12-pounder anti-aircraft gun was added. ''Tsushima''s primary patrol area was along the Yangtze River in China, where as flagship for Kichisaburō Nomura, she commanded a squadron of gunboats protecting Japanese citizens and economic interests within China.Mauch, ''Sailor Diplomat: Nomura Kichisaburo'', page 69

''Tsushima'' was partially disarmed in 1930 and was used as a training vessel. She was struck from the navy list in 1936 and was re-designated as training hulk ''Hai Kan No. 10'' at Yokosuka Naval District until 1 April 1939. She was expended in the Pacific Ocean off Miura, Kanagawa, Japan, as a torpedo target in 1944.

Notes

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsushima
Niitaka-class cruisers
Ships built by Kure Naval Arsenal
1902 ships
Russo-Japanese War cruisers of Japan
World War I cruisers of Japan
Ships sunk as targets